marie antoinette husband

He also wanted to be a minister and was not immune to corruption. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. A new Constitution was drafted — Louis had no option than to accept it. On 21 September 1792, the monarchy was abolished. Over the objections of Lafayette and his allies, the king was given a suspensive veto allowing him to veto any laws for a period of four years. [135][136] [189], Charged with treason against the French First Republic, Louis XVI was separated from his family and tried in December. 26. Instead of scheduling a general parliamentary meeting for the three bodies, Louis failed to do that — he preferred separate meetings. [200] She and her lawyers were given less than one day to prepare her defense. [citation needed]. [176] In addition, at the insistence of his wife, Louis XVI vetoed several measures that would have further restricted his power, earning the royal couple the nicknames "Monsieur Veto" and "Madame Veto",[177][178] nicknames then prominently featured in different contexts, including La Carmagnole. At this point, the tide against royal authority intensified in the population and political parties, while Marie Antoinette encouraged the king to veto the new laws voted by the Legislative Assembly in 1792. Their reaction comforted her since these women were not otherwise sympathetic to her. ­ A significant achievement of Marie Antoinette in that period was the establishment of an alliance with Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de Mirabeau, the most important lawmaker in the assembly. [128] Her role was decisive in urging the king to remain firm and not concede to popular demands for reforms. The Portefeuille d’un talon rouge was one of the earliest, including the Queen and a variety of other nobles in a political statement decrying the immoral practices of the court. [182], On 20 June 1792, "a mob of terrifying aspect" broke into the Tuileries, made the king wear the bonnet rouge (red Phrygian cap) to show his loyalty to the Republic, insulted Marie Antoinette, accusing her of betraying France, and threatened her life. [194] Calls were also made to "retrain" the eight-year-old Louis XVII, to make him pliant to revolutionary ideas. Once Louis XVI finally did commit to a plan, its poor execution was the cause of its failure. This gave the impression, partially justified, that the queen had sided with Austria against France. When Louis XV died about four years later, Louis-Auguste assumed the throne as Louis XVI. [citation needed] The result of these two nominations was that Marie Antoinette's influence became paramount in government, and the new ministers rejected any major change to the structure of the old regime. [184][185] On 13 August the royal family was imprisoned in the tower of the Temple in the Marais under conditions considerably harsher than those of their previous confinement in the Tuileries. [195], On the night of 1 August, at 1:00 in the morning, Marie Antoinette was transferred from the Temple to an isolated cell in the Conciergerie as 'Prisoner n° 280'. In fact, the design was copied from that of the prince de Condé. On the other hand, those opposed to the alliance with Austria had a difficult relationship with Marie Antoinette, as did others who disliked her for more personal or petty reasons. The Peace of Teschen, signed on 13 May 1779, ended the brief conflict, with the queen imposing French mediation at her mother's insistence and Austria's gaining a territory of at least 100,000 inhabitants—a strong retreat from the early French position which was hostile towards Austria. [45][46], Amidst the atmosphere of a wave of libelles, the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II came to France incognito, using the name Comte de Falkenstein, for a six-week visit during which he toured Paris extensively and was a guest at Versailles. Marie Antoinette pleaded with her husband for the French to intercede on behalf of Austria. She was married aged 14 to the dauphin of France in a dynastic marriage arranged by her parents and Louis XV in 1770. King Louis and his family were sent back to Paris, the French capital. If the secret expenses of the queen were taken into account, court expenses were much higher than the official estimate of 7% of the state budget. The two strongest members of that government were Jean Marie Roland, who was minister of interior, and General Dumouriez, the minister of foreign affairs. [142][143] Despite these dramatic changes, life at the court continued, while the situation in Paris was becoming critical because of bread shortages in September. [56] Courtiers at Versailles noted in their diaries that the date of the child's conception in fact corresponded perfectly with a period when the king and the queen had spent much time together, but these details were ignored amid attacks on the queen's character. A second daughter, her last child, Marie Sophie Hélène Béatrix, Madame Sophie, was born on 9 July 1786 and lived only eleven months until 19 June 1787. She became dauphine of France in May 1770 at age 14 upon her marriage to Louis-Auguste, heir apparent to the French throne. [87], In 1783, the queen was busy with the creation of her "hamlet", a rustic retreat built by her favored architect, Richard Mique, according to the designs of the painter Hubert Robert. [126], The death of the Dauphin on 4 June, which deeply affected his parents, was virtually ignored by the French people,[127] who were instead preparing for the next meeting of the Estates-General and hoping for a resolution to the bread crisis. Leopold's and Francis II's strong action on behalf of Marie Antoinette led to France's declaration of war on Austria on 20 April 1792. Dumouriez resigned and refused a post in any new government. At the end of 1791, ignoring the danger she faced, the Princesse de Lamballe, who was in London, returned to the Tuileries. Your email address will not be published. Soon after hearing the news, Antoinette's mother, Maria Theresa, began to write letters of advice, which Antoinette very much ignored. The Boston Massacre: The American Revolution, Julius Caesar: History, Accomplishments and Facts. During the trip, Barnave, the representative of the moderate party in the Assembly, protected Marie Antoinette from the crowds, and even Pétion took pity on the royal family. Instead, Antoinette turned to grand balls, the theater, and card games. ), who was adopted in 1790 along with her two older sisters when her parents, an usher and his wife in service of the king, had died. When Louis XVI understood their only chance of survival was to escape, it was too late: the royal flight to Varennes took place during the night of the 21 st June 1791, and was unsuccessful largely due to the king’s indecision. Shortly after her birth she was placed under the care of the governess of the imperial children, Countess von Brandeis. In March 1791 Pope Pius VI had condemned the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, reluctantly signed by Louis XVI, which reduced the number of bishops from 132 to 93, imposed the election of bishops and all members of the clergy by departmental or district assemblies of electors, and reduced the Pope's authority over the Church. She counted most on the support of her Austrian family. At least once she received a visit by a Catholic priest. When the affair was discovered, those involved (except de La Motte and Rétaux de Villette, who both managed to flee) were arrested, tried, convicted, and either imprisoned or exiled. The false accusations of the Affair of the Diamond Necklace damaged her reputation further. Marie-Antoinette, born Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna von Habsburg-Lothringen (2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793), an Archduchess of Austria, was the fifteenth and second youngest child of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and Empress Maria Theresa. Despite his dislike of the queen—he detested her as much as she detested him and at one time had even threatened to send her to a convent—he was persuaded by the mayor of Paris, Jean Sylvain Bailly, to work and collaborate with her, and allowed her to see Fersen a number of times. [68], France's financial problems were the result of a combination of factors: several expensive wars; a large royal family whose expenditures were paid for by the state; and an unwillingness on the part of most members of the privileged classes, aristocracy, and clergy, to help defray the costs of the government out of their own pockets by relinquishing some of their financial privileges. The primary motive for the queen's involvement in political affairs in this period may arguably have more to do with court factionalism than any true interest on her part in politics themselves,[66] but she played an important role in aiding the American Revolution by securing Austrian and Russian support for France, which resulted in the establishment of a neutral league that stopped Great Britain's attack, and by weighing indecisively for the nomination of Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur as Minister of War and Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix, marquis de Castries as Secretary of the Navy in 1780, who helped George Washington to defeat the British in the American Revolutionary War, which ended in 1783. [100] The majority of Marie Antoinette's and Louis XVII's biographers believe that the young prince was the biological son of Louis XVI, including Stefan Zweig and Antonia Fraser, who believe that Fersen and Marie Antoinette were indeed romantically involved. 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Was subsequently exiled to his estate at Villers-Cotterêts to reconcile it with the outside world was downgraded to the..

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