how is collective memory formed

In summary, most Latter-day Saints seem to have a shared understanding of the First Vision by about 1880. When two people talk about a piece of knowledge or past event, what they do and don’t discuss influences how each will remember it, says Coman. In 1999, then five-year-old Nicole Crandall Siegel was asked by her father to tell the First Vision story to the missionaries who were visiting. During World War II, German troops occupying Greece carried out numerous massacres, often as reprisals for partisan attacks. Five years after the publication of Rocky Mountain Saints, another artist—a devoted Mormon convert concerned about transmitting the Saints’ founding story to a generation that had not known Joseph Smith—began painting the first comprehensive visual history of the early Saints, initially advertised as the “Grand Historical Exhibition” and eventually known as his “Mormon Panorama.”[12] The paintings by Carl Christian Anton (C. C. It might seem like there could be no downside to using visual arts as agents of collective-memory recursion. While this term is still in the mainstream associated with anti-democratic, anti-Semitic, and racist views, the integration of it back into the political thought of a major political party shows how the AfD is slowly attempting to break down the taboos formed by German collective memory of the Holocaust. That is, in time, much of the narrative becomes common knowledge unattributed to any particular source, while, at the same time, some of it becomes specific, attributed detail. Another work of art that serves to further the collective memory of the Saints is a sculpture that stands in the atrium of the Joseph Smith Building on the campus of Brigham Young University. The beginning decades of the twentieth century saw the rise of Mormon architecture west of Salt Lake City as Saints in California began to construct the state’s first permanent meetinghouses. Further, few can identify which elements in a visual depiction are actually from Joseph Smith’s written version and which arise out of artistic license. Inaccurate individual or collective memories are often formed quickly, without access to all the facts and details. [17] Cowan and Homer, California Saints, 3. If the discussion of memory formation and reformation may be new—and perhaps uncomfortable—to some Latter-day Saints, they should note that it does not undermine Joseph Smith’s First Vision. It goes back to mytochondrial Eve. Hear him!”[16]. Provo, UT 84602 We wish to thank Kendra Crandall Williamson for substantially editing and greatly improving this essay, and we also thank the editors and reviewers of this important volume for helping us refine this chapter. Different social groups do share certain commonalities, but the problem comes into play when collective memories are manipulated or otherwise used to judge or control certain groups of people. Coman hopes next to investigate the conditions under which people come to believe accurate, and suppress inaccurate, information in public-health crises and also how emotions — not just facts —converge after discussions within a network. Palfreyman identifies the woodcut in Rocky Mountain Saints as the earliest surviving First Vision image; Stenhouse, Rocky Mountain Saints, illustration prior to page 1. However, as we recall together various circumstances related to the same events, recollections that may not agree, haven't we managed to think and ... formed into … [1] It’s a homely building, architecturally speaking, but it used to house a soothing mural depicting a tranquil sylvan setting, painted on the wall behind the pulpit for parishioners to ponder as they worship. Inaccurate individual or collective memories are often formed quickly, without access to all the facts and details. Collective memories are important for societies; they influence attitudes, decisions, and approaches to problems. Until 2005, when the Church sponsored a new big-screen adaptation (again drawing upon the 1839 Manuscript History/Pearl of Great Price excerpt), Jacobs’s film was the sole motion-picture representation of the event. “We know this operates at an individual level,” he says. [20] See Joseph Smith: Prophet of the Restoration (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2005), DVD. of Chicago Press. [6] Orson Pratt, “Are the Father and the Son Two Distinct Persons?,” Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star, October 15, 1849, 310. How is collective memory formed and when does it impact behavior? [20] And now the new film continues the process, reflecting and forming collective memory among the Latter-day Saints. A presentist approach states that social constructions of memory are influenced by the needs of the present. This issue is worthy of investigation because it provides new insights into how collective memory is constructed and negotiated, considering that Wikipedia is an emerging place for collective memory building. Galilee Baptist Church sits beside Forty-Eighth Street in the relatively quiet Los Angeles neighborhood between downtown and the coast. Nordgren.). With the story of this mural as a backdrop, this essay analyzes when, how, and why Latter-day Saints developed a shared meaning of the First Vision. These new connections between neurons and synapses stay as long as they remain in use. [15]“Christensen’s Grand Historical Exhibition,” L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. It is becoming better known that Joseph Smith recorded more than one account of what was later coined his First Vision. But they all reflect and further shape the consolidated memory Latter-day Saints share—the generalized story, including a few specific elements, of Joseph Smith’s 1839 vision narrative. Human memory happens in many parts of the brain at once, and some types of memories stick around longer than others. Though Joseph left lots of evidence of his vision, there is no record of him calling it his First Vision or using the term “Sacred Grove,” yet those very shorthand terms written across the top of the painting in Richard Cowan’s boyhood chapel were common knowledge to him and everyone else who worshipped there. Collective memory encompasses both the shared frameworks that shape and filter ostensibly “individual” or “personal” memories and representations of the past sui generis, including official texts, commemorative ceremonies, and physical symbols such as monuments and memorials. A collection of documents gathered by Franklin D. Richards, then a member of the Council of the Twelve Apostles and the president of the British Mission, the Pearl of Great Price was intended to increase the accessibility of the important documents therein for Saints in Europe and across America. Because Joseph Smith’s First Vision is the Saints’ genesis story, the seminal event of our faith, it is important, even vital, to the integrity of our faith that we not rely solely on artistic representations of the First Vision to form our memory of it but that we return often to Joseph’s records of the experience. Long-Term Memory. The 1976 film was, and to a degree remains, a powerful catalyst of consolidation, since that process depends largely on rehearsal modulated by emotion, the replaying of the memory over and over in connection with strong feelings. [4] Anastasio et al., Individual and Collective Memory Consolidation, 105. Christensen’s collection of twenty-three Mormon history paintings deliberately aimed to educate Latter-day Saints on the Church’s early history. [26] See Daniel L. Schacter, “The Sin of Suggestibility,” in The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002), 112–37. The first is the shallow web. M. Kulišić, M. Tuđman, Monument as a Form of Collective Memory and … 127 sence of the monument lies in its relationship between the present and the memory, in other words, in its anthropological function.5 Notes on the etymology and history of monuments The bond between cultural monuments and collective memory is easily perceiv- In California Saints, a 1996 history of the Saints in the Golden State, Richard Cowan himself contributed to the processes of consolidation and recursion when he referred to the Adams Ward window. That is an uncommon combination that multiplies his contribution to the world. The inspiration for the hymn, then, is founded in Christensen’s representation of Joseph’s Manuscript History, with elements of distortion or artistic license necessarily taken at each remove from the Manuscript History. The process of having that text and therefore memory consolidated as the collective memory of the Latter-day Saints, and then transmitting that memory from one generation of Saints to the next, depended on another process known as recursion, in which groups use consolidated memories to form new memories. collective memory, because the experience of “fresh contact” and “reflecting” has the effect that cannot be experienced again in one’s life afterwards. What makes us claim that memory is well-designed for the formation of collective memory is that there are a variety of mechanisms and processes that will lead to mnemonic convergence, in spite of the dissonance that exists among rememberers. During World War II, German troops occupying Greece carried out numerous massacres, often as reprisals for partisan attacks. … This essay shows how, over the past six decades, collective memory of the Second World War in France has been centrally implicated in, and influenced by, wider socio-political debates relating to the nature of French national identity. We ought to represent and share it in every appropriate way we can, but we also should work to maintain the integrity of the Saints’ shared memory of Joseph Smith’s First Vision. Thus this account became the dominant shaper of the Saints’ collective memory of the First Vision. In and of itself, collective memory is neither good or bad, but an inherent part of life. The English phrase "collective memory" and the equivalent French phrase "la mémoire collective" appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century. Take, for example, a five-year-old who recites the First Vision story, making special mention of the rabbit that came out of hiding in a log when Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ appeared, as seen in the Living Scriptures video Joseph Smith’s First Vision. Google Search is the most common retrieval tool of information. which collective memories are formed and main-tained. Collective behavior is noninstitutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage. He believes that this particular collective memory created a negative view of the use of nuclear weapons, and has an enduring effect on the global public. Halbwachs prefers the term "recollection" to "memory" because of its obvious affinity to "collective" and to the way "collective memory" is formed, as though by means of collecting various blurred impressions (pictures) from various sources and molding them into a well-structured and stable memory. The researchers tracked “mnemonic convergence,” or how many items were remembered or forgotten in common. ... White mobs formed to lynch the suspect, and when the police were unable to control them, a full-scale, armed invasion of Greenwood took place. It is also sustained through a continuous production of representational forms. [13] Unfortunately, though twenty-two of the twenty-three original paintings survive today, the panorama’s first painting—Christensen’s First Vision—has not survived. It may seem odd to Latter-day Saints today to think that there was a time when their forebears in the faith did not have the same shared memory of the First Vision that they do, but such is the case. James B. Allen, a leading scholar of Joseph Smith’s First Vision, observed that it was half a century after the sacred experience before it “found its way into artistic media, but it was largely through these media that it eventually found its way into the hearts and minds of the Saints.”[9], For many, many Saints, visual representations, such as the mural in the Arlington Ward chapel, have acted as agents of transmission of that collective memory from one generation to the next. Since 1873, when the earliest known image of the vision was circulated, artists and filmmakers have transmitted and retransmitted versions of Joseph’s First Vision to the Saints, reinforcing the important memory.[10]. Richard treated me with kindness and generosity, always interested in my ideas and projects. [10] Samuel Ross Palfreyman identified the 1873 woodcut as the earliest vision image in “Mormon Roots in the American Forest: God, the Devil, and Angels in the Nineteenth-Century Hemlock-Hardwood Forest of New York” (student paper, Boston University, May 2012), 15–16; T. B. H. Stenhouse, The Rocky Mountain Saints: A Full and Complete History of the Mormons (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1873), illustration prior to page 1. Psychologists divide long-term memory into two length types: recent and remote. That understanding came from the selection and relation of many elements, including the story as it was told by Joseph in 1839, published in 1842, excerpted in the Pearl of Great Price in 1851, and finally canonized by the Saints in 1880. Generations and Collective Memory synthesizes nearly three decades of research on—you guessed it—the relationship between generations (or birth cohort) and the collective memory of historical events. While several different models of memory have been proposed, the stage model of memory is often used to explain the basic structure and function of memory. Next, they had a series of brief, one-on-one computer-based conversations with three other participants in their communities and were told to chat about the information they’d studied. Collective memory refers to the shared pool of memories, knowledge and information of a social group that is significantly associated with the group's identity. But they also contribute to source amnesia and in suggestive ways increase memory distortion. The preferred term to describe this ongoing process is consolidation, which, most simply put, is the process of making enduring memories. Scholars studying these issues may not ... ‘‘a ‘collective memory’ ! Indeed, the window was eventually moved from Los Angeles to Salt Lake City to serve as the centerpiece in the original Church History Museum installation, where it has both reflected and shaped the memory of the thousands upon thousands who have visited there and felt inspired by its message. Collective Memory from a Psychological Perspective William ... approach is typically interested in how specific collective memories are formed, usually ones of historical, national importance, the bottom-up approach is more about how Highlights Collective memories can involve small Life tables are used as evidence that a significant number of eyewitness to the earthly life of Jesus would still be alive when the Gospel were written. When I saw the invitation, I had a great desire to produce some work that would reflect Richard’s values and his influence on me. Distortion can begin at a young age in the most impressionable minds. When Elder Henry B. Eyring unveiled the sculpture in 1997, he paid tribute to the sculpture "for what he didn't show," referring to the implied presence of the Father and the Son. Introduction. It’s worth asking, then, in the Latter-day Saint collective memory, how, when, and why were the common-knowledge details of the event selected and related? [22] Del Parson, The First Vision, painting, 1987; Richard Linford, Joseph Smith’s First Vision, painting—acrylic on canvas, 19 x 24 inches, October 4, 2010. Fittingly, the University decided to place the statue in the atrium of the new Joseph Smith Building. Schuman and Scott attempted to prove the hypothesis that the So Coman and his colleagues assigned 140 study participants to computer-based communities of 10 people each. Even though this painting has been lost, Christensen’s script at least enables us to imagine how the painting visually represented Joseph’s experience as he told it in his 1839 Manuscript History. The group could also remember some specific elements from their memory, including “I saw two personages,” James 1:5, and “this is my Beloved Son.”. The discourse will be structured in a manner which engages with the primary vectors of French memory regarding ‘les annes noires’. The discourse will be structured in a manner which engages with the primary vectors of French memory regarding ‘les annes noires’. In fact, memory is not even a single thing but “an umbrella term under which congregate myriad phenomena.”[3] This essay is not about memory per se, but about the formation and reformation of a particular shared or collective memory among Latter-day Saints. During the 2009 Greek sovereign debt crisis, political conflict erupted between the German and Greek governments; German car sales in Greece declined. [18] Stewart Petersen, November 25, 2013, telephone interview by Elise Petersen. There are three different forms of collective behavior: crowd, mass, and public. En rapprochant ces deux termes : mémoire et collectif, Halbwachs se proposait, tout d'abord, de démontrer que tout groupe organisé crée une mémoire qui lui est propre. [2] Richard O. Cowan, interview by Steven C. Harper. Consolidating collective memory is a process that takes place over decades, not an event like the vision itself. Of memories passed from one generation to generation University Press, 1995,... A personal interpretation of an event in a certain way dramatically increases.! Group and emerging through communication and institutions [ 17 ] Cowan and Homer, California Saints, 3 to... Process of consolidating the Saints ’ collective memory is more mysterious, complex, extinction. These processes of sharing memory to explain current issues and understandings retrieval tool of information that by! 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