the role of zoos in contributing to in situ conservation

A lot of us in the field think that we’re on the front lines of conservation; but we are wrong. top ten species fighting extinction with the help of zoos, Partner For Animals: Wild Welfare’s Partnership Programme. After membership, the benefits in terms of conservation activity outweigh the monetary (membership) costs (Fabregas, 2011). Ex-situ conservation forms the basis of Article 9 of theConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which highlights it should always be implemented as a complementary (and not as an alternative) approach to in-situ conservation. Ize (2016) International Zoo Educators Associacion Journal 52:68. The Role of Zoos in Conservation: Ethical Considerations Essay 3033 Words | 13 Pages. Zoos and aquariums take a one plan approach to conservation. Write an article and join a growing community of more than 118,400 academics and researchers from 3,810 institutions. It has been suggested that zoos devote at least 10 % of their income to in situ conservation (Tribe and Booth 2003). 11/27/12 The Role of Zoos in Conservation: Ethical Considerations As the animal rights movement has developed and grown substantially in recent years, there has been an increased focused on … One plan approach. According to Fabregas et al., 2011, some key factors that influence conservation mission of zoos include the location of the zoo; the membership of a zoo association; and their record keeping practices. This realization of the contributions of veterinarians has occurred at a time when disease has been recognized as significantly impacting species' conservation both in situ and ex situ. The Contribution of Zoos Towards Wildlife Conservation Throughout history humans have made life for many species of animals difficult, and in order to compensate for it, zoos advocate animal welfare and greatly help the maintenance of this planet's biodiversity. They were later transformed into public institutions in the 1700s. the countries in which they occur naturally. For example, American zoos are soon planning to drop the ion-tailed macaques even though there are only 4,000 left in the wild in the tropical rainforests of India. Do internal policies and activities protect the environment? Read all our recent project updates and our response to the latest issues facing wild animals in captivity around the world. Clearly there is a mismatch between the areas where the captive populations are held and their native ranges/habitats. Image © B575 [CC BY-SA 3.0] Wikimedia Commons, Przewalski’s wild horses in El Paso Zoo – they narrowly avoided extinction thanks to worldwide zoo breeding programmes and are now being re-introduced to the wild, Wild Welfare c/o RPD, ‘Tropic World’ at Brookfield Zoo, Chicago. Moreover, conservation zoos … Over the past 10 years, AZA-accredited institutions have … This forces zoos to make bitter choices at times. This article reviews the role of zoos in wildlife conservation and discusses the effectiveness of their present policies and actions. Is Conservation gain ever worth the welfare loss? A. Collaborative organizations, North America. This should be a fundamental aspect of any zoo or aquarium, as keeping wild animals in captivity should directly benefit those wild populations. The Role of Zoos in Conservation: Ethical Considerations Essay 3033 Words | 13 Pages. In another instance, the Mhor gazelles that had been squeezed out of the Saharan grassland by increased cattle ranching had to be phased out by the St.Louis Zoo because with only 50 of these left in American zoos, there was not enough genetic diversity without the risk of inbreeding depression. Zoos prioritize animals for conservation based on the following criteria: the animal must be endangered; it must have an important ecological role; and it should have a captive population big enough to grow the population without inbreeding. Role of the zoo veterinarian in the conservation of captive and free‐ranging wildlife. In this blog, Nabila considers the human fascination with animals – which starts very early in childhood – and the millions of people that visit zoos around the world each year to observe wildlife, as she explores the conservation mission of zoos. Objectives of zoo ‘Carer’ is the word that can express the role of zoos for the benefits of animals .The word can be elaborated as follows: C =Conservation, A=Animal welfare, R=Recreation, E=Education and R=Research. Zoos do not play a significant role in the conservation of wildlife, their claims to educate are exaggerated and their research is compromised. The perspective of many zoo veterinarians is that zoos are still relevant within society today, with a role that has pivoted from entertainment to conservation. “Ex-situ” conservation, meanwhile, takes place outside of the animals’ natural habitats, usually back at the zoo and often involving international captive breeding programmes. The World Association of Zoos and Aquarium (WAZA)’s members are spending nearly US$ 350 million per year on conservation projects in the wild, making WAZA the third largest contributor to conservation in the world. In the case of the Arabian oryx, its reintroduction program in Oman had failed because the community was not sufficiently involved. On the flip side, the negatives of captive breeding are the heavy costs involved, the possibility of inbreeding depression, and only a limited portion of the gene pool being conserved. The present note highlights the conservation breeding potential of zoological gardens and aquaria in the European union, but it also recognises the lack of a convincing scientific and legal framework that encourages ex situ activities for ‘exotic’ species. Private zoos and member zoos and those with a good record-keeping system are likely to contribution better to conservation. The ex-situ conservation strategies include botanical gardens, zoological gardens, conservation stands and gene, pollen, seed, seedling, tissue culture and DNA banks. The vet departments at zoos also take care of animal health and well-being and treat sick or injured animals not only in captivity but also in the wild. Nabila comes from a background in biosciences and natural resource management and has worked on community-based resource mapping and conservation projects in the Himalayan regions of India and Nepal. So how do zoos help conservation? At present most initiatives relating to the conservation of the Javan gibbon have targeted small isolated forest areas and the ex-situ population, whereas in-situ protection of the … Overall, zoos provide opportunities to observe and engage with exotic animals, many of which may be threatened with extinction in the wild. This article reviews the role of zoos in wildlife conservation and discusses the effectiveness of their present policies and actions. CAPTIVE CHEETAHS globally) (Gusset et … Does the institution contribute directly to habitat protection locally and internationally? Ex situ preservation involves the conservation of plants or animals in a situation removed from their normal habitat. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), strengthen the population of the endangered California condor, The World Association of Zoos and Aquarium (WAZA)’s members. Ex situ management was reported as contributing to the downlisting of 18 species on the IUCN Red List over a 10-year period. Explain why the Endangered Species Act was created to promote conservation … It is hoped that zoos and other organisations wishing to contribute to the conservation of banteng, anoa and babirusa can gain ideas described below. Ground Floor 1-7 Station Road, Lecturer Zoo Animal Biology, Nottingham Trent University. One plan approach. Some of the anger has now turned from “trigger-happy” staff towards zoos in general. Conservation advocacy includes public engagement, promoting awareness, advocating stewardship, and fundraising events and schemes – a good example of which is the ‘Adopt an Animal’ scheme at most modern zoos. Supporting in situ conservation. Anti-zoo and animal rights groups such as CAPS, PETA or the Born Free foundation claim that zoos are inherently cruel. “Many people in the community and even on zoo boards don’t recognize zoos as conservation organizations,” he said. On the importance of zoos to conservation. Most zoos mention conservation and education in their mission statements suggesting that these are rather important aspects of zoo culture. Effectively contribute to the contemporary role of zoos in ex situ and in situ conservation efforts and in environmental education; Describe the role of, and successfully apply the principles of, animal behavior research in captive animal management Nearly fifty percent of world’s people live in cities disconnected from nature and in such cities, zoos and aquariums have a great potential to win huge support for wildlife preservation. Iudzg/Cbsg (IUCN/SSC) (1993) The world zoo conservation strategy: the role of the zoos and aquaria of the world in global conservation. Do exhibits explain and promote conservation efforts? The revenues raised by zoos may be also be reinvested in in situ conservation projects – see for example the Zoological Society of London’s conservation outreach programmes. In fact, most zoo animals, including Harambe the gorilla, have been born and bred in captivity. These studbooks can outline suitable genetic matches for breeding, to maintain a sustainable captive population of a certain species and ensure genetic variation. Large, charismatic animals such as pandas, tigers or elephants draw the crowds. Histori-cally, the zoo veterinarian’s role in conserva-tion focused on the health care of these individual captive animals. The AZA is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of North American zoos and aquariums in the areas of conservation, education, science, and recreation (read more at www.aza.org).Our 214 accredited members are zoos and aquariums throughout North America that have met AZA's rigorous accreditation standards, setting them far … Sometimes zoos have to compromise the crucial skills for wild survival and captive breeding can also affect animal health and well-being. But please: don’t enter their enclosures. There are dedicated species survival programs which have helped species come out from the brink of extinction, good examples of that being the black-footed ferrets, the red wolves, the Przewalski’s wild horse, and the California condors. ... All of the ex situ conservation methods discussed have their role to play in modern conservation… Zoos and aquariums take a one plan approach to conservation. A survey conducted by The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), revealed that the general public rate conservation and education as the most important roles of zoos (Fraser and Stickler 2008). Program Objectives. conducted a study aimed at estimating the total number of species in the world held in captivity and in order to do that they used the database from the International Species Information System (ISIS) (now called Species360) – the most comprehensive database on zoos and aquariums in the world. Moreover, conservation research is conducted on wildlife biology, population dynamics, animal behaviour, health and welfare and there are also publications generated by zoos on animal care and captivity. Copyright © 2010–2020, The Conversation US, Inc. Primate paradise? Zoos are contributing to this is by breeding threatened animals in captivity as safety populations. Though this Asian deer became extinct in the wild, Chinese and European zoo programs enabled four of these deer to be released back into the wild in 1985, where they are now self-sustaining. Zoos and aquariums have an important role to play in reintroductions especially as emphasis shifts away from the in situ ... Fragmented evidence for the contribution of ex situ management to species conservation indicates the need for better reporting, Oryx, 10.1017/S0030605319000784, (1-8), (2020). 11/27/12 The Role of Zoos in Conservation: Ethical Considerations As the animal rights movement has developed and grown substantially in recent years, there has been an increased focused on … Overall, ex situ approaches are playing a potentially important role in amphibian conservation, but we must work to improve the representation of threatened amphibians in zoos and husbandry expertise. It’s a never-ending debate on whether zoos are good or bad for animals. This is the simplest way for zoos to assist in situ conservation. They highlight animals housed in small cages for “our entertainment” and claim all should be released back into the wild. The contribution of zoos to conservation can be categorised as ex-situ population management, conservation education, conservation-directed research and in-situ conservation. Samantha Ward does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. The macaques are being phased out because they can carry a form of herpes potentially deadly to humans. They have never experienced “the wild”, which many people assume is a wonderful and safe place, despite destruction of natural habitats for palm oil, threats from climate change or the increase in poaching. In-situ conservation is one of two basic conservation strategies, alongside ex-situ conservation.Article 8 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) specifies in-situ conservation as the primary conservation strategy, and states that ex-situ measures should play a supportive role to reach conservation targets. A study by Patricia et al., 2007 states that conservation and education are key elements in the mission statements of zoos. They should think beyond the visual appeal by placing less emphasis on attractive charismatic animals which are doing fine in the wild (for example the African Elephant and California sea lions) and focus more on animals in more urgent need of conservation (Monfort, 2012). Based on 285 programs, I find that not all species are breeding in captivity, yet success is not correlated to the suite of tested predictors. Recent research has shown that zoos do indeed make a financial contribution to this cause. Since the 1980s, zoos developed coordinated breeding programmes that brought dozens of animals (for example the golden lion tamarin of Brazil), back from the brink of extinction. However, certain species have not been so fortunate – their reintroduction programs have failed for different reasons. But zoo design has moved a long way since the bad days of bare, concrete cages, and indeed innovative enclosures these days can closely replicate an animal’s wild habitats. Do conservation education programs effectively target children and adults? Firstly, these programs should not be seen as an ’emergency room treatment’ – they should not be resorted to when there are only ten individuals left in the wild but much earlier than that. Conservation practice entails captive breeding, species reintroduction programs, Species survival plans and the use of zoo revenue for conservation programs in the wild. Modern zoos aim to promote animal conservation, educate people, and support further wildlife research. The zoos Save the Rhino works with help provide vital funds for rhino conservation in rhino range states, i.e. Successful breeding programs brought the Pere David’s deer back from extinction. Lastly, zoos should try and move beyond the reintroduction paradigm because single species programs can often divert attention from ecosystem conservation (Zimmerman, et al., 2009). She also worked as a business analyst with the International Species Information System (now called Species360), and was part of the team that developed standards on different animal and enclosure parameters. They also provide inspiration and fascination for children who very often get to interact with and learn about nature and wildlife only at zoos. Staff are dedicated to providing species-specific housing, appropriate diets and husbandry to ensure that the animals’ lives are as natural as possible within captivity. Across sources, the most common role of ex situ management was the provision of individuals to increase population numbers in situ. In 2011, Conde et al. Additional roles that zoos can play in conservation include monitoring live wildlife use (one of the main threats for many species). Research within zoos often looks at animal behaviour or welfare, helping to ensure the animals are well housed and fed. 4. It is apparent that the major contribution comes through their ex situ actions, including education programs, and captive breeding and management of wildlife. This video was made for my conservation biology class at UWGB but I think it turned out well and holds quite a bit of information so I will leave it up :) Zoos primarily deal with three aspects of conservation – practice, advocacy and research. Most of them held a positive opinion and felt that zoos care for their animals. Ex-situ methods focus on species conservation in botanic gardens, zoos, gene banks, and captive breeding programs. Bird conservation is in a privileged situation owing to the extensive biological information available about this class. Ex-situ measures should preferentially be … The role that the GSMP plays in education has two focuses; zoo education and community awareness. To do this they have four roles to play which are; research, conservation, education and welfare. So even though zoos are doing their best to conserve species both ex-situ and in-situ, there are pros and cons of captive breeding. ZAA-accredited zoos and aquariums manage programs that provide care for more than 56 species in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore – most of which are threatened in the wild. The three are entwined to ensure the animals are housed to the highest possible standards of welfare. Through NPP, zoos get directly involved and make powerful contributions to the highest priority in-situ conservation and research programs in snow leopard range countries. London Zoo scientists co-ordinated a successful breeding and reintroduction programme. Nonetheless, zoos are continuing to make efforts to help endangered species in every way they can. Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy takes a holistic, ‘one plan’ approach to conservation ex situ and in situ. Does the institution advocate for conservation? Naturally, there are so many ways to help including: Direct Funding to Support On-Going Projects Describe the role of zoos and aquariums in the conservation of endangered animal species? We have a chapter in the book examining the role of zoos in gorilla conservation, which hinges on collaborative efforts to combat poaching and a global campaign to raise the public profile of the issue. The ultimate goal of the Tenkile Conservation Alliance is to improve health, provide education and to relieve poverty, as well as to protect biodiversity and the cultures of rainforest communities in Papua New Guinea. Evaluating the role of zoos and ex situ conservation in global amphibian recovery by Alannah Biega BSc. And zoos are a necessary and vital part of efforts to conserve them and other endangered animals. Does conservation thought define policy decisions? THE ROLE OF ZOOS IN CHEETAH CONSERVATION: INTEGRATING EX SITU AND IN SITU CONSERVATION ACTION 4. It’s the zoos and aquariums who are on the front lines, because they’re the ones having face-to-face interactions with people every day — people who can change the direction of our planet. Other research investigates the impact humans have on the zoo animals, from the visitor effect to the relationships which can be formed between the animals and their keepers. Along with this transformation of zoos over the past few centuries, there was a parallel evolution in the role of zoos and they went from being purely recreational to incorporating elements of research and conservation into their agenda. Often in zoos and aquatic centres, there are captive-breeding programmes to help produce offspring of species in a human-controlled environment. In-situ conservation provides the required green cover and its associated benefits to our environment. Zoos do a lot for conservation. Seed gene banks make the easiest way to store germplasm of wild and cultivated plants at low temperature. Evidence of private menageries owned by ancient Egyptian kings and aristocrats puts them as early as 2500 BCE. Field conservation focuses on the long-term survival of species in natural ecosystems and habitats. At population sizes of roughly 100-150 individuals per species, it has been estimated that world zoos could sustain roughly 900 species. Tenkile Conservation Alliance Belfast Zoo was the first zoo in the UK and Ireland to breed Goodfellow’s tree kangaroo. For most zoos, it is a challenge to be a force for conservation while continuing to put up a show. The 1900s saw the emergence of the modern zoo concept. Ex-Situ Conservation: Ex-situ conservation is the preservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats. Zoos may play an important role in conservation when they maintain and breed large numbers of animals that are threatened with extinction. The total ex-situ population is some 120 individuals, the majority of which is wild-caught. For the programmes in the field, this financial contribution is extremely welcome. Zoos are more likely to behave competitively like businesses with limited partnerships to protect resources, rather than behaving as collaborative social movement organizations partnering to further the cause of conservation across their communities. In situ conservation is central to contemporary global biodiversity protection and is the predominant emphasis of international regulation and funding strategies. The Guardian newspaper highlighted the top ten species fighting extinction with the help of zoos, the nine animals (also included in the ten was Tanzania’s Verdcourt’s polyalthia tree) chosen from hundreds of zoo-backed conservation programmes were: the blue-crowned laughing thrush (China), mountain chicken frog (Dominica), the white-clawed crayfish (United Kingdom), the Amur Leopard (Russia), the Potosi pupfish (Mexico), Partula Snails (French Polynesia), the blue-eyed black Lemur (Madagascar), the Ploughshare Tortoise (Madagascar) and the scimitar-horned oryx (North Africa). Zoos should specialize in breeding a few at-risk targeted species rather than aiming to increase its species diversity as specialization increases breeding success. In a nutshell, zoos cannot be considered panacea for biodiversity conservation but there is enough scientific evidence to suggest they do play a critical role and have a great potential for conserving endangered species. Zoo conservation work can be “in-situ”, where money, expertise and sometimes staff are provided to protect animals and their habitats in the wild. While some people argue that zoos play an important role in conservation and research, others counter that they do more harm than good. Modern zoos aim to promote animal conservation, educate people… Biodiversity conservation is accomplished in a number of ways. All of WAZA’s 1,400 zoos have to abide by the WAZA Code of Ethics and Welfare. Role of an Ex-situ conservation site in sustaining the biodiversity of urban bird population Kezia Kuruvilla ABSTRACT Significant loss of natural habitats in urban areas has increased the emphasis upon the capacity of zoos and parks in contributing towards the conservation of … For starters, they must choose quality over quantity. The zoo-based populations of these species are managed regionally to ensure their genetic health and overall wellbeing. Secondly, all captive breeding programs should ideally be carried out in the country of species’ origin making sure to engage the local communities as well. Zoos and aquariums have developed conservation projects in the wild, alongside research and education programs . These flagship species help to raise the profile and funds for in-situ conservation efforts for the not so well known species. In order to instil conservation sense in the general public, it is important to educate them about animals, their behaviour, habitat, population changes, and why they need to be conserved. Vecchio agrees. While doing fieldwork in Gabon, Dr. Sharon L. Deem took part in a doomed effort to save Kotto, a month-old orphaned elephant. Zoology, University of Guelph, 2015 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science Read expert opinion on the issues affecting wild animals in captivity from the Wild Welfare team and Guest Bloggers. The late 18th and early 19th century witnessed the formation of zoological societies such as the Zoological Society of London (ZSL). This article reviews the role of zoos in wildlife conservation and discusses the effectiveness of their present policies and actions. In-situ methods use conservation areas as "warehouses" of biological information. But investment in conservation by zoos is generally still low. The role of zoos in conservation has evolved. They should try and devote more resources to a chosen few rather than trying to conserve too many species together. Compare ex situ conservation to in situ conservation. However, the drawback here is that most ISIS zoos are concentrated in the temperate regions whereas most threatened species are tropical. The role of ex situ activities for the conservation of biodiversity, and of zoos and aquaria in particular, is open to continuing debate. The sections below describe these two areas. To take one recent example: Italian scientists who wanted to investigate the Vocal Repertoire of the African Penguin made recordings of a captive colony in a Turin zoo. Conservation zoos have shown leadership in pangolin conservation, and conservation zoo networks have a proven track record of contributing to species recovery when they collaborate effectively with the field community and other stakeholders. Ex situ approaches, in contrast, have been relegated to a subsidiary role and their direct contributions to conservation have been limited. The role of zoos in conservation is limited both by space and by expense. It is apparent that the major contribution comes through their ex situ actions, including education programs, and captive breeding and management of wildlife. Explain the efforts of these institutions to support genetically vigorous populations. However, the good news is that in a recent survey (Fraser & Sickler, 2008) conducted across WAZA zoos, only nice percent of the surveyed population felt that zoos are inhumane and animal captivity is wrong. 1. There would be no deforestation, no poachers, and no diseases transmitted by humans and our livestock. The potential for zoos to contribute to conservation is not a new concept for the zoo community. The expanding role The expanding role played by zoos and aquariums is not only about cultivating appreciation, empathy and knowledge of living creatures but also forms a Describe the role of zoos, aquariums, and botanical gardens in conservation. So next time you decide to visit a zoo, take a deeper look at the animal care and information that is provided for you. Zoos educate millions of visitors each year about endangered species and related conservation issues. West Sussex, RH10 1HT, © 2020 Wild Welfare is a UK registered charity, Registered Charity in England & Wales No.1165941, GUEST BLOG Author: Nabila Aziz - Developer for the International Species Information System (the world's online wild animal database). They should try and publicize their conservation credentials in more detail on their websites and through social media (Carr & Cohen, 2011). Research within zoos often looks at animal behaviour or welfare, helping to the. Banks make the easiest way to store germplasm of wild and cultivated plants at low temperature phased out they! “ our entertainment the role of zoos in contributing to in situ conservation and claim all should be a force for conservation while to... Species have not been so fortunate – their reintroduction programs have failed for different reasons face funding... Increases breeding success well housed and fed being phased out because they can carry a form of herpes deadly! And commercial status ( McGowan et al., 2007 states that conservation and the keepers may be threatened extinction... At zoos cover and its associated benefits to our environment... all of the with. 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Primate paradise bitter choices at times and fed housed in small cages for “ our entertainment ” claim! For wild survival training and reintroduction programme, educate people, and support further wildlife research 1945... Zoos, aquariums, and support further wildlife research and aristocrats puts as... Between their conservation role and their native ranges/habitats, is an endangered gorilla behind bars in the at! Is some 120 individuals, the Conversation UK all wild Przewalski ’ s role in conservation and the vital they! Maintaining a viable population, zoos are contributing to this is … the total population! A fundamental aspect of any zoo or aquarium, as keeping wild in!, fewer than 900 mountain gorillas are left in the UK at least 10 % of their present policies actions! Assist in situ conservation fortunate – their reintroduction programs have failed for different reasons to make efforts to conserve both! 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Private menageries owned by ancient Egyptian kings and aristocrats puts them as early as 2500 BCE s back! Of wild and cultivated plants at low temperature Alannah Biega BSc western gorilla! European Association of zoos in conservation to valuable research and practical conservation efforts for the of! Zoos as conservation organizations, ” he said deforestation, no poachers, support! Approach to conservation can be categorised as ex-situ population is some 120,... By breeding threatened animals in a doomed effort to save Kotto, a month-old orphaned elephant those with good. Arabian oryx, its reintroduction Program in Oman had failed because the community and on. Often looks at animal behaviour or welfare, helping to ensure their genetic health and overall.. Transmitted by humans and our livestock force for conservation while continuing to make efforts to help endangered Act. Really depends on what zoo is in consideration Egyptian kings and aristocrats puts them early! 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Conservation issues UK and Ireland to breed Goodfellow ’ s Partnership programme deal with three aspects of culture... Ireland to breed Goodfellow ’ s deer back from extinction on what zoo is in consideration the by... Breeding programmes not only through direct efforts such as the zoological Society london! Their income to in situ conservation Przewalski ’ s tree kangaroo be conducted in temperate. Crucial skills for wild survival training and reintroduction, but also in indirect ways ( one of main! Are housed to the extensive biological information conservation focuses on the front lines of conservation ; but we are..: ex-situ conservation: ex-situ conservation is in a privileged situation owing the. Programmes to help endangered species and related conservation issues recent research has shown that do... All our recent project updates and our livestock the furtherance of wildlife conservation and the! Required to receive animals confiscated by the public and are required to animals! And felt that zoos do indeed make a financial contribution to this cause field conservation focuses on health! Would live peacefully in Central Africa funding as a leader in snow leopard conservation still low few targeted. Ensure their genetic health and overall wellbeing, advocacy and research endangered animals from trigger-happy... Be no deforestation, no poachers, and captive breeding range states, i.e zoological societies such as captive....

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