conclusion of early problems of pakistan

The Punjab Boundary Force, containing both Muslim and non-Muslim troops and commanded by British senior officers, was utterly incapable of maintaining peace. The Pakistan Times, 4 September 1981, p. 1h. Standardizing Education System In Pakistan providing education the elite class education system in Pakistan emerged in mushroom. Pakistan is once again passing through a critical phase of its history marked by political instability and serious economic problems. It must take its rights place in securing Pakistan’s defence”(Ref "112"), He reminded the officers and men to Pakistan Army that although the battle of Pakistan’s freedom had been won, a harder battle to preserve that freedon was still in progress and that the battle had to be fought to a successful conclusion if Pakistan were to survive as a great nation. Some central and provincial departments were lodged in army barracks and others in private buildings. Arrangements were made to bring in former Indian officials who had opted for Pakistan. (Ref "17"), The Pakistanis believe that a “deliberate policy” was sought to ‘strangle Pakistan”(Ref "18"), Besides these glaring injustices to the Muslims the Radcliffe Award produced no natural boundary line between the two countries which were hostile to each other. Their Joint efforts met with success, and Calcutta and Bengal were spared the horrors perpetrated in the Punjab. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, India wins Freedom, Calcutta 1959, p. 202. The violence was sometimes orchestrated by the local authorities, and many Muslim historians believe that Hindus and Sikhs had an organized program for the massacre of Muslim refugees. Radcliffe “Knew virtually nothing about India and had never written about it”. You will see traffic jams on the roads at morning and evening timings. 123-24. Currently a boundary - the Line of Control - divides the region in two, with one part occupied by India and one militarily administrated by Pakistan. In 1947, Pakistan finally gained its long for independence, but it immediately faced very serious problems. Before partition, most of the junior officers and clerks in banks and insurance companies big mercantile concerns and the Government offices that dealt with economies had been Hindus or Sikhs: and their departure in 1947-48 for a while created cause something like chaos in Pakistan. What a conceivable reason is there to suppose that the gift of nationality is going to be an economic liability? Soon after its establishment Pakistan faced number of problems. (Ref "36"), It brought in its wake brutal killings of Muslims all over India, particularly in East Punjab, Delhi, Calcutta, Hyderabad and Kashmir. On the eve of its creation Pakistan faced a number of stupendous problems which hardly had any parallel in the history of the world especially of any newly born state. agriculture, industry and commerce. Background Formation of Pakistan Historical Background Early Problems for Pakistan Early challenges for the First Governor General of Pakistan The ambitious and militant rulers of this ‘hostile distance’ have been expressing and planning hostile design against her existence right from the very beginning. Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan. We are leaving Pakistan an economic desert”. The Pakistan Times, 16 October 1947, p. 1a. (Ref "41"), In September 1947, widespread violence and disturbance broke out against Muslims in Delhi, forcing a large number of them to flee to Pakistan, particularly to Karachi which was swarming with refugees from Delhi. The new capital Karachi lacked an adequate secretariat building. (Ref "68"), Though the Ruler of Junagadh had declared the accession of his State with Pakistan, its Dewan, Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, handed over the administration of the State to Indian pending negotiations. (besides East Punjab), wanted to migrate to Pakistan from India. (Ref "122"), Though established against very heavy and formidable odds, Pakistan lacked strong cohesive forces. The Britishers employed in Pakistan followed a ‘policy of inactivity’ towards the state of Junagadh which had acceded to Pakistan. In some districts there was scarcity of wheat and no surpluses were available from abroad. The New York times, 10 September, 1948. It appears that Radcliffe’s interpretation of the phrase of ‘other factors’ did not favour Pakistan but India only. Central excise duties were levied at points of manufacture, and India refused to give rebates of duty on excisable commodities exported to Pakistan. It was no doubt a heavy burden on the part of a new state. (Ref "103"), The cruel turn was that Pakistan’s share of heavy military stores, aero planes, ordances, vehicles and factories went to India, as was the case with many other things. A large area in West Punjab was dependent for its electricity needs upon the Mandi Hydroelectric Works in East Punjab. (Ref "48"), The Pakistan government estimated that in the exchange of population, excluding those from Kashmir, approximately 6,500,500 refugees came into Pakistan. Required fields are marked *. K.B. East Bengal inherited a number of social issues from the colonial period. Occasionally it even bisected a home, leaving a front door opening on to India and a rear windows looking into Pakistan. This was the largest state in the subcontinent and the fact that it had boundaries with Tibet, China, Afghanistan, and Russia gave it great strategic importance. Though immediate pressing issues of communalism and refugees were high on the agenda, the problem of public health lurked behind and became evident soon after the emergence of East Pakistan. (Ref "138"), Though cotton was the largest cash crop in West Pakistan, there were only a few cotton – mills – quite inadequate to handle it. There were/are so many factors which became the causes of failure of national integration in Pakistan. Dr. Muhammad Zahid Khan Lodhi, Mountbatten’s Anti-Pakistan Role, Lahore 1995, P.34. (Ref "104"), Out of 36% of Pakistan’s share of military assets, India dispatched not more than two percent and even then no arms and ammunitions were sent. Following are the problems in education in Pakistan. It was believed that he was trying to win independence for his state and so he delayed joining eithe4r Pakistan or India. A big problem for the Pakistan army was that their army of 150,000 men needed 4,000 officers. If the Indian leaders, on account of their rivalry and antagonistic attitude towards Pakistan, obstructed the work of division of military assets, it was the legal as well as moral duty of Mountbatten and Auchinleck to carry on the process till Pakistan received its just share. She was a state without any practicable economic or geographic basis, political organization or political tradition with any pertinence to modern conditions. Great responsibilities have come to us, and equally great should be our determination and endeavour to discharge them, and the fulfillment thereof will demand of us efforts and sacrifices in the cause of no less for constructive work in building up of our nation than what was required for the achievement of the cherished goal of Pakistan. (Ref "21"), “It is a mistake to compare the basic principle of the demand of Pakistan and the demand of cutting up provinces throughout India into fragmentation. WOMEN IN PAKISTAN Outline 1. introduction Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 with thesis statement leading to the conclusion. The Kashmir problem. The Quaid-i-Azam wanted to send Pakistan forces to Junagadh and assist the State. The first is the very onerous and responsible task of framing our future constitution of Pakistan and the second of functioning as a full and complete sovereign body as the federal legislature of Pakistan. This left the farmers and in fact the economy of the East wing at the mercy of Indian mill owners for a reasonable price of their product. (Ref "109"), The combined defence forces of Pakistan inherited at the time independence, were little more than a skeleton and without proper weapons ammunition and equipment. had acceded to Pakistan voluntarily and freely. West Pakistan is a fertile country but has a hot and dry climate. (Ref "99"), the joint Defence Council’s life by four months and on 30 November 1947 Auchinleck relinquished his post as Supreme Commander. Although Pakistan was created to unite the Muslim population of the old British India, it did not have natural borders, such as rivers, mountains, or the sea. Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, op.cit, p. 282. He alone could inspire hope in moments of despair and galvanise the people to a mighty concerted effort to overcome the odds and difficulties with their path in the beginning was beset. POVERTY: According to an analysis conducted by the government of Pakistan and published at hec. F.O 371: 69712 F 4095/6/85/G, 15 March, 1948. Realizing Pakitan’s weak financial position, the Indian Government was “encouraging the exodus of Muslims: 12 Refugee train were sent to Pakistan from U.P. After January, 1948, there was a wheat shortage in West Pakistan due to the refugees influx. Menon, secretary to the concerned department, and the cunning of Sardar Patel, the minister in charge, the accession of the states of India continued and the fear of possible balkanization of India was put to rest. These island were British possessions and administered by the Central Government so they did not fall in the same category as other Chief commissioners Provinces reserved to the Governor-General under the Act of 1935. While addressing the local industrialists and exporters at the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SCCI) […] The establishment of a new administration and the vast influx of refugees had thrown a heavy financial burden upon the new government. Those who survived were harassed by guerilla groups, went without food and sleep, and encountered unprecedented floods along the escape routes. The tragic events immediately following the partition in the withholding of military stores and other assets and illegal occupation of Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kahsmir, bear eloquent testimony to India’s persistent hostility towards Pakistan and her ambition to truncate Pakistan” and encircle her territory, weaken her militarily and strangle her economically. Dr. Mohammad Zahid Khan Lodhi, op.cit. In the view of the World Health Organization (1999), parenting 1.Education System is based on. cit. To permit your subject or subjects of any State which acceded to the Indian Dominion to carry on these subversive activities constitutes a breach of the Constitutional and international obligations imposed on the Government of India. Establishment of Telephone communication between them was an urgent necessity. Instead of being a power-keg they became a valued element and source of strength to Pakistan. (Ref "45"), Most of them on foot, had straggling into the border town of Kasur, some thirty five miles south of Lahore, since early morning of 3rd September, 1947. Pakistan has had to face several forces working to cripple and thwart her very existence. (Ref "73"), The question arises: Once a state has had acceded to a Dominion, did the Instrument of Accession permit the ruler or his agent to hand over its administration to another Dominion before the renouncement of the Accession? (Ref "51"), The next day, it was decided that out of the large number of refugees in West Punjab’s campus, Sindh must absorb 200,000, the NWFP 100,000, Bahawalpur, Khairpur, and the Balochistan 100,000, and West Punjab was to settle an additional 100,000. Soon after its establishment Pakistan faced number of problems. All of these Muslim majority areas were contiguous to West Punjab”. The percentage of economic assets in Pakistan after partition. He therefore addressed a letter to the British King as well as Prime Minister Attlee on 8 September 1947 reminding them of his ancestors and his loyalty to the British: At the time of Independence, it appeared that Pakistan was beset with enormous economic problems and difficulties. The Prime Minister of Junagadh also protested over the Indian blockade of his state as its supplies were being cut off, including food and petrol consigned to Jamnagar and other ports for transmission to Junagadh had been withheld. Taxes were collected to the head offices of firms, most of which were located in India. East and West Wings were separated by 1,200 miles by air and 3,000 miles by sea. 1, March 1956 p. 42. But as Pakistan faced almost immediate war with India over Kashmir, it needed the best army it could raise, no matter who was leading it. Early Problems of Pakistan Introduction The emergence of Pakistan, after a long and arduous freedom movement, was infact a great victory of the democratic idea of life. There were 562 states throughout British India. But Pakistan was to face many more problems than India. Roxford Books, 1991, pp. Despite all problems and difficulties, which beset the country and absorbed the attention of the government, the Quaid wanted the constituent Assembly to devote itself earnestly to the task of constitution making. Although Karachi was a modern port with substantial trading and business activity, much of Pakistan (e.g. We had urged in vain that the Government servants should be compelled to stay on where they were arguing that there was no reason why those who could serve a foreign Government, could not serve their own. The administrative machinery inherited by Pakistan, consists of nothing but bits and pieces. Mr. Jinnah was a realist. More are still stuck up in East Punjab awaiting evacuation. After the illegal occupation of Manavadhar by India. (Ref "137"), The jute produced in East Pakistan, had, therefore, to be sent to Calcutta for industrial process. Only one bank – the Muslim-owned Habib Bank – moved its headquarters from India to Pakistan. The first problem Pakistan had to face was choosing an administrative Capital city to form and establish a government. I do not think my Government is in a position to tender advice to the Indian Government or to Your Exalted Highness as to the precise constitutional relationship. In the non-Muslim princely states, there were examples of state troops being used to support attacks on Muslims. pp. She had not only to establish a new government but also to fund a new capital. (Ref "27"), He further commented on the award in a speech broadcast on 30th October 1947 in the following words: “The division of India is now finally and irrevocably effected. 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